Histological Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy on Cartilage Repair in Osteoarthritis: A Scoping Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65745/soj.v1.i2.15Keywords:
mesenchymal stem cell, osteoarthritis, cartilage repair, histologyAbstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease characterized by pain, stiffness, and progressive functional impairment. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has emerged as a potential approach to promoting cartilage repair; however, its histological effects require further evaluation. This scoping review aimed to map and synthesize evidence on the histological effects of MSC therapy in OA. The review followed the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Literature searches were conducted from November to December 2024 across six databases: ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, ProQuest, EBSCO, MEDLINE, and Cochrane. The search strategy was developed using the PICO framework and relevant Boolean operators. Of 3,184 records identified, 26 studies met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-one studies reported improvements in cartilage-related histological parameters, including chondrocyte volume or cartilage density. Six studies described favorable changes in chondrocyte characteristics, including reduced apoptosis and hypertrophy. Fourteen studies reported improvements in extracellular matrix composition, particularly increased type II collagen (COL2) and decreased type I collagen (COL1) expression. Seven studies identified immunomodulatory effects, including reduced pro-inflammatory or increased anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. Only one study reported no statistically significant difference between MSC-treated and control groups. Overall, the available evidence suggests that MSC therapy may promote cartilage repair through structural, cellular, extracellular matrix, and immunomodulatory mechanisms. However, heterogeneity across studies and the limited comparability of histological outcomes prevent definitive conclusions. Further research is needed to standardize MSC administration protocols and evaluate treatment responses under varying inflammatory conditions.
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