Bio-Orthotics and Real-Time Monitoring in Conservative Musculoskeletal Pain Management: An Integrative Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.65745/soj.v1.i2.21Keywords:
musculoskeletal pain, conservative orthopedics, bio-orthoticsAbstract
Conservative orthopedic care increasingly incorporates personalized bio-orthotics, including 3D-printed insoles, and real-time monitoring technologies using wearable sensors and artificial intelligence. However, these approaches have largely been investigated separately, and evidence regarding their combined benefits remains limited. This integrative review aimed to synthesize current evidence on bio-orthotics and real-time monitoring and examine their potential integration in musculoskeletal pain management. A structured literature search was conducted across PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library for studies published between January 2020 and February 2025, following PRISMA 2020 reporting guidelines. Of 671 records identified, 19 studies met the inclusion criteria. Methodological quality was assessed using RoB 2, the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, and CASP checklists, as appropriate. Given the heterogeneity of study designs and outcomes, findings were synthesized narratively. Individual studies reported pain reductions of up to 40% and improvements in gait stability of 25–35% following bio-orthotic interventions, while real-time monitoring was associated with adherence improvements of approximately 40–60%. These findings represent individual study estimates rather than pooled effects. Evidence regarding combined interventions suggested potential improvements in rehabilitation outcomes and functional recovery, although direct comparative evidence remained limited. Overall, integrating personalized bio-orthotics with real-time monitoring may offer a promising approach to adaptive, patient-centered conservative orthopedic care. Further well-designed comparative studies are needed to establish clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and long-term outcomes, while clarifying the role of nursing professionals in patient education, monitoring, and interdisciplinary care coordination.
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